- Tania
- Ludmila
- Olga
- Tatiana
- Dasza
- Sasza
- Anastazja
Males names:
- Dymitr
- Artjom
- Evgeni
- Borys
- Władimir
- Iwan
- Igor
- Michaił
- Jurij
Saturday 31 May 2014
Popular Russian names
Feminized names:
Friday 9 May 2014
Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov
Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov 18 August 1870 – 13 April 1918) was a military intelligence officer, explorer, and general in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and the ensuing Russian Civil War. He is today best remembered for the Kornilov Affair, an unsuccessful endeavor in August/September 1917 that purported to strengthen Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government, but which led to Kerensky eventually having Kornilov arrested and charged with attempting a coup d'état, and ultimately undermined the rule of Kerensky; strengthening the claims and power of the soviets, and the Bolshevik party.
Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky 4 May 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a lawyer and major political leader before the Russian Revolutions of 1917 belonging to a moderate socialist party, called Trudoviks.
After the February Revolution Kerensky served as Minister of Justice in the democratic Russian Provisional Government. In May he became Minister of War. In July he became the second Prime Minister until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. He spent the remainder of his life in exile, dying in New York City at the age of 89.
Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein; 7 November 1879 – 21 August 1940) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army.
Trotsky was initially a supporter of the Menshevik Internationalists faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He joined the Bolsheviks immediately prior to the 1917 October Revolution, and eventually became a leader within the Party. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairsand later as the founder and commander of the Red Army as People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs. He was a major figure in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War (1918–23). He was also among the first members of the Politburo.
After leading a failed struggle of the Left Opposition against the policies and rise of Joseph Stalin in the 1920s and the increasing role of bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, Trotsky was successively removed from power in 1927, expelled from the Communist Party, and finally deported from the Soviet Union in 1929. As the head of the Fourth International, Trotsky continued in exile in Mexico to oppose the Stalinist bureaucracy in the Soviet Union. An early advocate of Red Army intervention against European fascism, in the late 1930s, Trotsky opposed Stalin's non-aggression pact with Adolf Hitler. He was assassinated on Stalin's orders in Mexico, by Ramón Mercader, a Spanish-born Soviet agent in August 1940. Most of his family members were also killed in separate attacks.
Trotsky's ideas were the basis of Trotskyism, a major school of Marxist thought that is opposed to the theories of Stalinism. He was one of the few Soviet political figures who were not rehabilitated by the government under Nikita Khrushchev in the 1950s. In the late 1980s, his books were released for publication in the Soviet Union.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov; 22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire was dissolved and replaced by the Soviet Union, a one-party socialist state; industry and businesses were nationalized, with widespread societal reform implemented. Politically a Marxist, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism, which coupled with Marxian economic theory have collectively come to be known as Marxism–Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin gained an interest in revolutionary leftist politics following the execution of his brother Aleksandr in 1887. Expelled from Kazan State University for participating in anti-Tsarist protests, he devoted the following years to a law degree and to radical politics, becoming a Marxist. In 1893 he moved to St Petersburg, and became a senior figure in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). Arrested for sedition and exiled to Siberia for three years, he married Nadezhda Krupskaya, and fled to Western Europe, living in Germany, France, England, and Switzerland, where he became known as a prominent party theorist. In 1903, he took a key role in the RSDLP schism, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Briefly returning to Russia during the Revolution of 1905, he encouraged violent insurrection and later campaigned for the First World Warto be transformed into a Europe-wide proletariat revolution. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar he returned to Russia.
Lenin played a senior role in orchestrating the October Revolution in 1917, which led to the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Immediately afterwards, the new government under Lenin's leadership proceeded to implement socialist reforms, including the transfer of estates and crown lands to workers' soviets. He supported world revolution and immediate peace with the Central Powers, agreeing to a punitive treaty that turned over a significant portion of the former Russian Empire to Germany. The treaty was voided after the Allies won the war. In 1921 Lenin proposed the New Economic Policy, a system of state capitalism that started the process of industrialisation and recovery from the Civil War. In 1922, the Russian SFSR joined former territories of the Russian Empire in becoming the Soviet Union, with Lenin elected as its leader.
After his death, Marxism–Leninism developed into a variety of schools of thought, namely Stalinism, Trotskyism and Maoism. Lenin remains a controversial and highly divisive world figure. Detractors label him a dictator whose administration oversaw multiple human rights abuses, while supporters reject this criticism and promote him as a champion of the working class. Lenin had a significant influence on the international Communist movement and was one of the most influential and controversial figures of the 20th century.
Sunday 4 May 2014
The largest cities in Russia
The largest city in Russia, according to the number of inhabitants (as of 04.01.2012):
| L.p. | Cites | State / Country / Republic | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Moscow(Москва) | Moscow | 11 612 943 |
| 2. | St. Petersburg(Санкт-Петербург) | St.Petersburg | 4 953 219 |
| 3. | Novosibirsk(Новосибирск) | Novosibirsk Oblast | 1 498 921 |
| 4. | Yekaterinburg(Екатеринбург) | Sverdlovsk Oblast | 1 377 738 |
| 5. | Nizhny Novgorod (Нижний Новгород) | circuit niżnonowogrodzki | 1 254 592 |
| 6. | Samara (Самара) | Oblast | 1 169 184 |
| 7. | Kazan (Казань) | Tatarstan | 1 161 308 |
| 8. | Omsk (Омск) | Omsk Oblast | 1 156 583 |
| 9. | Chelyabinsk (Челябинск) | Chelyabinsk Oblast | 1 143 458 |
| 10. | Rostov-on-Don (Ростов-на-Дону) | Rostov Oblast | 1 096 448 |
| 11. | Ufa (Уфа) | Bashkortostan | 1 072 291 |
| 12. | Volgofrad (Волгоград) | Volgograd oblast | 1 018 739 |
| 13. | Perm (Пермь) | Perm Krai | 1 000 672 |
Cities in Russia
According to official data from 2011, Russia had more than 160 cities with a population of over 100 thousand. residents. The capital city of Moscow is the only city had a population of over 10 million inhabitants; 12 cities with a population of 1 ÷ 5 million.; 23 cities with a population of 500 ÷ 1000 thousand.; and the rest of the towns with less than 500 thousand. residents.
For comparison, the number of cities in Russia according to different years.
| Year | Number of cities | Less 50 000 | 50 000 - 99 999 | 100 000 and more |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 461 | 404 | 37 | 20 |
| 1979 | 999 | 709 | 138 | 152 |
| 1989 | 1037 | 710 | 163 | 164 |
| 2002 | 1108 | 768 | 163 | 167 |
| 2004 | 1097 | 770 | 162 | 165 |
| 2007 | 1095 | 774 | 154 | 167 |
Disaster in the media
A few hours after the incident on the Internet there have been numerous videos showing the flight and the collapse of the car, condensation formed on the track of his flight and the effects of the shock wave.
Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev issued a statement in which he confirmed that Russia has fallen meteorite. He also said that this event shows that meteorites are a threat to the entire planet and you must create a security system Earth from such events in the future.
On the subject of meteorite impact also created conspiracy theories. According to Vladimir Zhirinovsky was not an accidental fall of a heavenly body, but an attempt of American weapons.
The day after the fall of the meteorite were reported Ural flights over Cuba and cars over California.
Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev issued a statement in which he confirmed that Russia has fallen meteorite. He also said that this event shows that meteorites are a threat to the entire planet and you must create a security system Earth from such events in the future.
On the subject of meteorite impact also created conspiracy theories. According to Vladimir Zhirinovsky was not an accidental fall of a heavenly body, but an attempt of American weapons.
The day after the fall of the meteorite were reported Ural flights over Cuba and cars over California.
Losses
The explosion caused by a meteor and its shock wave caused significant damage. Were damaged more than seven and a half thousand buildings in six cities nearby air routes meteor; they are usually destroyed window.
In some cases, the damage was more serious, such as the collapse of the roof of a factory in Chelyabinsk zinc and damage to the sports hall Traktor Arena. District authorities have estimated material losses for at least 1 billion rubles (over 103 million).
To medical facilities in the district of Chelyabinsk reported about 1,500 people. Most people were superficial injuries caused by glass from windows shattered by the blast wave, but 112 people were injured requiring hospitalization. This is the first case in history in which the disaster space has been injured so many people.
In some cases, the damage was more serious, such as the collapse of the roof of a factory in Chelyabinsk zinc and damage to the sports hall Traktor Arena. District authorities have estimated material losses for at least 1 billion rubles (over 103 million).
To medical facilities in the district of Chelyabinsk reported about 1,500 people. Most people were superficial injuries caused by glass from windows shattered by the blast wave, but 112 people were injured requiring hospitalization. This is the first case in history in which the disaster space has been injured so many people.
Finding a meteorite
After the fall of the meteorite found very many of his pieces , most of them have a size of a few millimeters , but there are also larger pieces . On the surface of ice covering the lake Czebarkul found a hole with a diameter of 6 meters , which could be struck by the falling portion of the car , but divers have not found any of his remains .
17 February 2013 found two small fragments of a meteorite close to the edge airhole minted in the ice cover of the lake. They have been identified as belonging to a group of ordinary chondrites . As was the custom that meteorites are named after the place of their findings the scientists who found it planned to call them from the village Czebarkul . The final was given the name " Chelyabinsk .
Fragments of the meteorite can achieve a high collection value , according to experts , one gram of material from the meteorite could be worth over two thousand dollars.
7 gold medals that will be awarded during the Winter Olympics in Sochi will contain fragments of the meteorite . Medals will be awarded in the competitions taking place on the anniversary of the event ( February 15, 2014 ) .
17 February 2013 found two small fragments of a meteorite close to the edge airhole minted in the ice cover of the lake. They have been identified as belonging to a group of ordinary chondrites . As was the custom that meteorites are named after the place of their findings the scientists who found it planned to call them from the village Czebarkul . The final was given the name " Chelyabinsk .
Fragments of the meteorite can achieve a high collection value , according to experts , one gram of material from the meteorite could be worth over two thousand dollars.
7 gold medals that will be awarded during the Winter Olympics in Sochi will contain fragments of the meteorite . Medals will be awarded in the competitions taking place on the anniversary of the event ( February 15, 2014 ) .
Flight and decay
According to the video meteor radiant ( the point in the sky , which drove up ) was to the left and above the rising sun. The car was moving approximately in a westerly direction , entered into the atmosphere at an angle of approximately 20 ° to the horizontal speed of about 19 km / s ( 64 thousand . Km / h) .
The beginning of the trip was observed at 9:20 local time ( 4:20 GMT ) . Event was accompanied by a glare , which reached a climax when the brightness of the Sun and a strong shock wave . According to witnesses the events after the passage of a meteor air had the smell of gunpowder .
The explosion of the meteor has been registered by seventeen of the 45 measurements of infrasound stations operating within the framework of the Comprehensive Nuclear -Test -Ban Treaty Organization . The sound of the explosion in the range of infrasound has been measured even in away fifteen thousand kilometers research station in Antarctica . It was the most powerful eruption so far captured by the sensors of the CTBTO . On the basis of measurements of the CTBTO station , it is estimated that the energy cut off in the atmosphere corresponds to the energy of explosion close to 0.5 megatons of TNT ( about 40 times the energy of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima ) . According to estimates by astronomers mass meteoroidu was about seven to ten thousand tons , with a diameter of about fifteen to seventeen feet. Lot object from the entry meteoroidu into the atmosphere until the disintegration of the car took 32.5 seconds . The disintegration of the car took place not far from Chelyabinsk at a height of 29.7 km above the Earth's surface. Then the meteor generated high brightness , 30 times stronger than sunlight , so many people suffered sunburn .
The shock wave emanating from flying at a slight angle to the horizontal of the car was distributed almost perpendicular to the surface of the earth. On the basis of the damage it is estimated that the pressure was 10-20 times greater than atmospheric pressure. The shock wave caused seismic waves that were recorded by seismic stations . The shock had a magnitude of 2.7 on the Richter scale .
It is estimated that it was the largest asteroid , which hit the Earth since the so-called . Tunguska event in 1908. In 1949, in the vicinity of Chelyabinsk similar event took place , there fell the rain of meteorites , which found twenty fragments of meteorites with a total weight of two hundred pounds.
The beginning of the trip was observed at 9:20 local time ( 4:20 GMT ) . Event was accompanied by a glare , which reached a climax when the brightness of the Sun and a strong shock wave . According to witnesses the events after the passage of a meteor air had the smell of gunpowder .
The explosion of the meteor has been registered by seventeen of the 45 measurements of infrasound stations operating within the framework of the Comprehensive Nuclear -Test -Ban Treaty Organization . The sound of the explosion in the range of infrasound has been measured even in away fifteen thousand kilometers research station in Antarctica . It was the most powerful eruption so far captured by the sensors of the CTBTO . On the basis of measurements of the CTBTO station , it is estimated that the energy cut off in the atmosphere corresponds to the energy of explosion close to 0.5 megatons of TNT ( about 40 times the energy of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima ) . According to estimates by astronomers mass meteoroidu was about seven to ten thousand tons , with a diameter of about fifteen to seventeen feet. Lot object from the entry meteoroidu into the atmosphere until the disintegration of the car took 32.5 seconds . The disintegration of the car took place not far from Chelyabinsk at a height of 29.7 km above the Earth's surface. Then the meteor generated high brightness , 30 times stronger than sunlight , so many people suffered sunburn .
The shock wave emanating from flying at a slight angle to the horizontal of the car was distributed almost perpendicular to the surface of the earth. On the basis of the damage it is estimated that the pressure was 10-20 times greater than atmospheric pressure. The shock wave caused seismic waves that were recorded by seismic stations . The shock had a magnitude of 2.7 on the Richter scale .
It is estimated that it was the largest asteroid , which hit the Earth since the so-called . Tunguska event in 1908. In 1949, in the vicinity of Chelyabinsk similar event took place , there fell the rain of meteorites , which found twenty fragments of meteorites with a total weight of two hundred pounds.
Meteoroid
Meteoroid that hit the atmosphere was one of near-Earth objects , and was part of a group of Apollo. The property has not been spotted by astronomers before its collapse . Its size was too small to be a good chance to discover it in the context of the space programs of observation , tracking movements of objects near Earth and potentially dangerous objects ( however, in 2008, discovered 2 -meter meteoroid 2008 TC3 for about 20 hours before it hit the Earth ) . In addition, a meteoroid came from the sun , making it more difficult to see it when approaching the Earth.
Collisions with Earth meteoroids are not uncommon . It is estimated that the daily flows in the Earth's atmosphere about 274 tons of space ( 108kg per annum ) , but most of these events go unnoticed because they are very small grains of rock . Larger meteoroids with a diameter of up to ten meters collide with the Earth at about an hour , but these events usually go unnoticed unless they occur over densely populated areas . Collisions of meteoroids of this size , as Chelyabinsk occur statistically according to various estimates of tens to 100 years , but about sizes larger than 100 meters - no more than a thousand years. Astronomers estimate that the same group of Apollo is located about 80 million objects the size of meteoroidu , which disintegrated over Russia .
The event coincided with the passage of near-Earth asteroid 2012 DA14 more . According to most surveys, including those from the European Space Agency , NASA , Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Russian sources , between the two objects is not related . In relation to the earth's surface in 2012 DA14 was moving toward the north , and the car Ural was directed approximately to the west.
Published in 2013 by computer analysis using the Monte Carlo method , superbolid could be discovered in the 2011 asteroid 2011 EO40 .
Collisions with Earth meteoroids are not uncommon . It is estimated that the daily flows in the Earth's atmosphere about 274 tons of space ( 108kg per annum ) , but most of these events go unnoticed because they are very small grains of rock . Larger meteoroids with a diameter of up to ten meters collide with the Earth at about an hour , but these events usually go unnoticed unless they occur over densely populated areas . Collisions of meteoroids of this size , as Chelyabinsk occur statistically according to various estimates of tens to 100 years , but about sizes larger than 100 meters - no more than a thousand years. Astronomers estimate that the same group of Apollo is located about 80 million objects the size of meteoroidu , which disintegrated over Russia .
The event coincided with the passage of near-Earth asteroid 2012 DA14 more . According to most surveys, including those from the European Space Agency , NASA , Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Russian sources , between the two objects is not related . In relation to the earth's surface in 2012 DA14 was moving toward the north , and the car Ural was directed approximately to the west.
Published in 2013 by computer analysis using the Monte Carlo method , superbolid could be discovered in the 2011 asteroid 2011 EO40 .
Meteor Chelyabinsk
Meteor Chelyabinsk - flight superbolidu a diameter of about 17 meters and a weight of up to 10,000 tons , observed over the southern Urals February 15, 2013 , around 9:20 hours local time ( 4:20 GMT ) . After entering the Earth's atmosphere car disintegrated after 32.5 seconds into the flight at an altitude of 29.7 km above the Earth's surface over the circumference of Chelyabinsk . Flight of the car was seen also from Tyumen and Sverdlovsk circuits and the adjacent regions of Kazakhstan.
The resulting explosion in air travel and car strong shock wave caused significant damage ( damaged more than 7,500 buildings have been ) , and injury to more than one thousand five hundred people .
On the same day , 15 hours later , near-Earth asteroid 2012 DA14 went ( present name is ( 367943 ) Duende ) with a diameter of about 50 meters , discovered in 2012; close passage of the asteroid and meteorite Chelyabinsk were not linked.
Meteor Chelyabinsk was the largest known space object that collided with Earth since the Tunguska event in 1908 .
The resulting explosion in air travel and car strong shock wave caused significant damage ( damaged more than 7,500 buildings have been ) , and injury to more than one thousand five hundred people .
On the same day , 15 hours later , near-Earth asteroid 2012 DA14 went ( present name is ( 367943 ) Duende ) with a diameter of about 50 meters , discovered in 2012; close passage of the asteroid and meteorite Chelyabinsk were not linked.
Meteor Chelyabinsk was the largest known space object that collided with Earth since the Tunguska event in 1908 .
Politics of Russia
Russia is the de jure (officially) a democratic state with a strong role of the president in the political system. Legislative power is bikameralny parliament, the executive - the president and in practice depends on the government and the judiciary - independent courts. Russia is a federation consisting of republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous region and autonomous areas. These components, however, do not have the status of a state (such as Switzerland).
The Constitution of the Russian Federation
The process of drafting the constitution began in 1991. Counted for the two projects: the first - telling the retention of the basic principles recognized by the Soviet Union and the second - postulating the need to ensure stability through the introduction of a strong presidential power. The second draft also introduced a number of restrictions on human rights, and therefore was called the Constitution of Man.
December 12, 1993, the Company held a referendum on the new Constitution of the Russian, as well as parliamentary elections. In favor of the second project in favor of the 58.4% voting. The current constitution is the first Russian democratic constitution. However, many representatives of international organizations claim that democracy in Russia is misleading. Putin himself has called the political system of Russia "controlled democracy".
December 12, 1993, the Company held a referendum on the new Constitution of the Russian, as well as parliamentary elections. In favor of the second project in favor of the 58.4% voting. The current constitution is the first Russian democratic constitution. However, many representatives of international organizations claim that democracy in Russia is misleading. Putin himself has called the political system of Russia "controlled democracy".
President of the Russian Federation
The President is mentioned in the constitution before the Federal Assembly (parliament ) and the government , reflecting its position in the whole political system.
Is elected for six years in a secret election , by direct universal ( 50 % attendance required for the validity of the elections ) . About this position may apply for a Russian citizen counting a minimum of 35 years and who has at least 10 years residing in the territory of the Federation. The President may exercise his office a maximum of two times in a row ( this does not mean , however, that he can not perform more than two times) . Federal constitutional law of 21 November 2008 Duma amended the constitution extending the presidential term to 6 years law came into force .
The president is considered the head of state and guarantor of the Constitution and the rights and freedoms of man and citizen . It is an entity defines the basic directions of domestic and foreign policy, as well as a representative of the Federation in the country and in international relations . Therefore directs the foreign policy of the state shall negotiate and sign international agreements signed by the credentials. Settles the matter of citizenship and gives state awards , titles and higher military ranks . It has the power of pardon .
In addition to the above , the President may:
- manage the elections to the Duma , it can also be solved
- submit draft laws Duma ,
- sign and publish the laws,
- refer to the Federal Assembly of the annual proclamation on the state of the state.
President of the Russian Federation is also the holder of an extensive powers of creative ; submit candidates for positions:
- Prime Minister ,
- President of the Central Bank ,
- Judges of the Constitutional Court , Supreme Court , Supreme Arbitration Court , other federal courts ,
- Attorney General.
President of the Russian Federation is also the supreme head of the armed forces , may introduce martial law and the unique form and head the Security Council of the Russian Federation , approved by state military doctrine , appoint and dismiss the supreme command of the Armed Forces of the Federation.
He may be removed from office on the basis put forward by the Duma accusations of treason or other grave crime , the Supreme Court confirmed an indictment of the Federation of the occurrence of the offense of acting president and the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Federation to observe the applicable charges eject mode .
Is elected for six years in a secret election , by direct universal ( 50 % attendance required for the validity of the elections ) . About this position may apply for a Russian citizen counting a minimum of 35 years and who has at least 10 years residing in the territory of the Federation. The President may exercise his office a maximum of two times in a row ( this does not mean , however, that he can not perform more than two times) . Federal constitutional law of 21 November 2008 Duma amended the constitution extending the presidential term to 6 years law came into force .
The president is considered the head of state and guarantor of the Constitution and the rights and freedoms of man and citizen . It is an entity defines the basic directions of domestic and foreign policy, as well as a representative of the Federation in the country and in international relations . Therefore directs the foreign policy of the state shall negotiate and sign international agreements signed by the credentials. Settles the matter of citizenship and gives state awards , titles and higher military ranks . It has the power of pardon .
In addition to the above , the President may:
- manage the elections to the Duma , it can also be solved
- submit draft laws Duma ,
- sign and publish the laws,
- refer to the Federal Assembly of the annual proclamation on the state of the state.
President of the Russian Federation is also the holder of an extensive powers of creative ; submit candidates for positions:
- Prime Minister ,
- President of the Central Bank ,
- Judges of the Constitutional Court , Supreme Court , Supreme Arbitration Court , other federal courts ,
- Attorney General.
President of the Russian Federation is also the supreme head of the armed forces , may introduce martial law and the unique form and head the Security Council of the Russian Federation , approved by state military doctrine , appoint and dismiss the supreme command of the Armed Forces of the Federation.
He may be removed from office on the basis put forward by the Duma accusations of treason or other grave crime , the Supreme Court confirmed an indictment of the Federation of the occurrence of the offense of acting president and the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Federation to observe the applicable charges eject mode .
Fellowship of presidents of the Russian Federation
- Boris Yeltsin - from July 10, 1991 to December 31, 1999 (resigned)
- Vladimir Putin - from 31 December 1999 to 7 May 2000 after the president, and from 7 May 2000 to 7 May 2008 a full-fledged president
- Dmitry Medvedev - from 7 May 2008 to 7 May 2012
- Vladimir Putin - on May 7, 2012 to present time
The Government of the Russian Federation
The Government consists of the Ministers and the President of the Government ( Prime Minister ) and his deputies. Prime Minister is appointed by the president, who makes it with the consent of the State Duma . The President must do so within a maximum of two weeks from the date of taking office or from the resignation of the government . The same time is Pride to take a position . If three times to reject the nomination submitted by the president - this is required to invoke it yourself , then solve the Duma and ordered a new election .
The task of the Prime Minister 's determination of the main activities of the government and the organization of its work. In contrast, the government spends the resolution and regulation , on the basis and to implement the provisions of the Constitution , laws and decrees . Acts of government unconstitutional are overruled by the President.
The resignation of the government may be in a few cases :
- government resigns ( accept it or not the president ) ,
president may dismiss it ( does not have to be a specific reason , it may occur in any , depending only on the president's time )
- Pride may give the government a vote of confidence . It is taken by a majority of the total number of deputies . In the case of the adoption of the president or agree with him and the resignation of the government , or not . If within three months of no confidence again , the president may either terminate the Duma , or dismiss the government.
The Prime Minister may apply to the State Duma with a request for a vote of confidence . If you do not receive , the decision is up to the president - or dissolve the Duma , or resignation of the government.
The President has the right to appoint and dismiss any members of the government .
The task of the Prime Minister 's determination of the main activities of the government and the organization of its work. In contrast, the government spends the resolution and regulation , on the basis and to implement the provisions of the Constitution , laws and decrees . Acts of government unconstitutional are overruled by the President.
The resignation of the government may be in a few cases :
- government resigns ( accept it or not the president ) ,
president may dismiss it ( does not have to be a specific reason , it may occur in any , depending only on the president's time )
- Pride may give the government a vote of confidence . It is taken by a majority of the total number of deputies . In the case of the adoption of the president or agree with him and the resignation of the government , or not . If within three months of no confidence again , the president may either terminate the Duma , or dismiss the government.
The Prime Minister may apply to the State Duma with a request for a vote of confidence . If you do not receive , the decision is up to the president - or dissolve the Duma , or resignation of the government.
The President has the right to appoint and dismiss any members of the government .
The Federation Council
The Federation Council (Russian Совет Федерации ) is the upper house , which is a representation of the components of the Russian Federation . It consists of two representatives from each entity of the Federation.
Her powers are much more modest than the lower house . It deals with approval of the changes the boundaries between entities federation president decrees approval for the introduction of martial law and states of emergency , decides to use the armed forces of the Federation abroad. It also manages the presidential election . It has the right of legislative initiative .
For the Council of the Federation shall be selected by two representatives from each entity of the Federation, which gives the 166 members of the Council of 83 subjects (21 republics , 9 countries , 46 wards , 4 sites of autonomous , 1 autonomous region and 2 cities of federal importance ) . One of the representatives shall be elected by the legislative body of the Federation of the second element by the executive ( they are chosen from outside the legislative and executive bodies of the circle) . In these elections , the system of majority , and each voter votes for two candidates . Candidates put forward a group of voters , parties and party blocks . The second representative is delegated by the local executive authority or local government.
Her powers are much more modest than the lower house . It deals with approval of the changes the boundaries between entities federation president decrees approval for the introduction of martial law and states of emergency , decides to use the armed forces of the Federation abroad. It also manages the presidential election . It has the right of legislative initiative .
For the Council of the Federation shall be selected by two representatives from each entity of the Federation, which gives the 166 members of the Council of 83 subjects (21 republics , 9 countries , 46 wards , 4 sites of autonomous , 1 autonomous region and 2 cities of federal importance ) . One of the representatives shall be elected by the legislative body of the Federation of the second element by the executive ( they are chosen from outside the legislative and executive bodies of the circle) . In these elections , the system of majority , and each voter votes for two candidates . Candidates put forward a group of voters , parties and party blocks . The second representative is delegated by the local executive authority or local government.
The State Duma
The State Duma (Russian Государственная Дума ) is the lower house of the Russian parliament , consisting of 450 deputies . Duma expresses a vote of confidence for the presidential candidate for prime minister , may also file a motion of censure . Has legislative initiative . It can also pull out at the president for treason , which can initiate the process of his impeachment .
Pride may be terminated in three cases :
- after three rejection of its presidential candidate for prime minister ,
- when it is expressed within three months twice a motion of censure against the government ,
- when the government refuses a vote of confidence , the president can solve it or dismiss government within seven days .
The State Duma consists of 450 deputies , since 2005, of elected proportional . There is one federal constituency proportional system (method of converting votes into seats - Hare - Nemeyera ) , all candidates elected from party lists !
The right to vote to citizens who are 18 years old, with the exception of persons incapacitated by a final judgment of the court , as well as those arrested in accordance with the court. Have a right to be elected while those citizens who have completed 21 years , with the exception of incapacitated persons and arrested pursuant to a final court decision .
to 2005 Duma elections were selected mixed :
-1 / 2 seats stocked by the majority system ( in single-member constituencies ) ,
-1 / 2 according to the proportional system , with 5% threshold of votes gained in the entire country by the list of political parties .
The voter has 2 votes - for a party or a block party ( by selecting one of the three people listed there ) and per person in single- candidate constituency.
Pride may be terminated in three cases :
- after three rejection of its presidential candidate for prime minister ,
- when it is expressed within three months twice a motion of censure against the government ,
- when the government refuses a vote of confidence , the president can solve it or dismiss government within seven days .
The State Duma consists of 450 deputies , since 2005, of elected proportional . There is one federal constituency proportional system (method of converting votes into seats - Hare - Nemeyera ) , all candidates elected from party lists !
The right to vote to citizens who are 18 years old, with the exception of persons incapacitated by a final judgment of the court , as well as those arrested in accordance with the court. Have a right to be elected while those citizens who have completed 21 years , with the exception of incapacitated persons and arrested pursuant to a final court decision .
to 2005 Duma elections were selected mixed :
-1 / 2 seats stocked by the majority system ( in single-member constituencies ) ,
-1 / 2 according to the proportional system , with 5% threshold of votes gained in the entire country by the list of political parties .
The voter has 2 votes - for a party or a block party ( by selecting one of the three people listed there ) and per person in single- candidate constituency.
The Constitutional Court
He is responsible for law constitutional rights of the entire system of the Russian Federation .
It consists of 19 judges appointed from among persons over age 40 who are at least 15 years worked in the legal profession , the majority of the statutory number of members of the Federation Council at the request of the President (initial applications to the president, which can serve as the basis for its decisions have the right to direct : MPs , legislature entities of the Federation, the governing bodies of the judiciary , All- company law , legal research and scientific institutions ) . Constitutional Court judge 's term of office lasts for 12 years without the possibility of re-election ( the maximum age of a judge - 65 years).
The Constitutional Court has the right of legislative initiative in matters within its competence.
Features:
- Settlement of conflicts of jurisdiction between : the federal bodies of state power , bodies of state authority of the Federation and the bodies of state power of subjects of the Federation, supreme bodies of state power of subjects of the Federation
- Examination of the compatibility of all legislation ( including international agreements ) of the Constitution at the request of the President of the Federation Council , the State Duma , one fifth of members of each of the chambers , the federal government, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court and legislative body of the Federation entities and executives,
- Examining legal questions addressed by the courts of law and on specific issues
- Examination of constitutional complaints about the violation of constitutional rights and freedoms by citizens and foreigners
- Make the official interpretation of the provisions of the Constitution at the request of the president of the Federation Council , the State Duma and the Federation entities legislative body
- Issuing an opinion as to the correctness pull mode to constitutional president ( impeachment )
It consists of 19 judges appointed from among persons over age 40 who are at least 15 years worked in the legal profession , the majority of the statutory number of members of the Federation Council at the request of the President (initial applications to the president, which can serve as the basis for its decisions have the right to direct : MPs , legislature entities of the Federation, the governing bodies of the judiciary , All- company law , legal research and scientific institutions ) . Constitutional Court judge 's term of office lasts for 12 years without the possibility of re-election ( the maximum age of a judge - 65 years).
The Constitutional Court has the right of legislative initiative in matters within its competence.
Features:
- Settlement of conflicts of jurisdiction between : the federal bodies of state power , bodies of state authority of the Federation and the bodies of state power of subjects of the Federation, supreme bodies of state power of subjects of the Federation
- Examination of the compatibility of all legislation ( including international agreements ) of the Constitution at the request of the President of the Federation Council , the State Duma , one fifth of members of each of the chambers , the federal government, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court and legislative body of the Federation entities and executives,
- Examining legal questions addressed by the courts of law and on specific issues
- Examination of constitutional complaints about the violation of constitutional rights and freedoms by citizens and foreigners
- Make the official interpretation of the provisions of the Constitution at the request of the president of the Federation Council , the State Duma and the Federation entities legislative body
- Issuing an opinion as to the correctness pull mode to constitutional president ( impeachment )
Russia's economy
Market economy ranks among the economies of developing countries, and also belongs to the forefront in the context of the economic potential - the eighth largest in the world in terms of nominal GDP, while in terms of GDP by purchasing power parity weighted fourth-largest in Asia (the economies of China, India and Japan) and fifth in the world (ahead of it in the statement of additional U.S. economy).
Characteristic
Russia is one of the few countries in the world and one of the three countries in Asia ( next to Turkey and Kazakhstan ) , whose territory is situated on two continents. At the same time is the only country in the world, so large areas are positioned both on the European continent and Asia. This position offers excellent conditions for the development of transport capacity . This is manifested in the case of Russia, among other things led to the large -scale transport of energy resources extracted in this country that goes to many European and Asian countries - including the Polish and German - through a network of pipelines.
The Russian economy has a great development potential. In a state that includes the world's largest natural resources, including wood , precious metals , and most of all liquid fuels and energy commodities ( crude oil , natural gas, coal and lignite ) . Accordingly , Russia has the world's largest energy sources. Moreover, in this country there is also a fourth of the world's freshwater resources.
Both petroleum and natural gas can be extracted in Russia without restrictions ( production quotas ) imposed by OPEC on its members ( Russia does not belong to the organization ). In recent years , oil production and policies related to the transport of harvested energy has become not only a major source of economic growth , but also the means geostrategic pressure on the governments of some countries in Europe and Asia. Another factor impinging on the fact that we in this sector active policy of Russia is that the country is the world's largest oil producer . In 2012, Russia mined 10.73 million barrels per day , which gave her a second year in a row , the first in the world (Saudi Arabia at the same time occupied the second position with the extraction at 9.57 million barrels per day , while the United States was third the extraction estimated at 9.11 million barrels per day ).
The Russian economy has a great development potential. In a state that includes the world's largest natural resources, including wood , precious metals , and most of all liquid fuels and energy commodities ( crude oil , natural gas, coal and lignite ) . Accordingly , Russia has the world's largest energy sources. Moreover, in this country there is also a fourth of the world's freshwater resources.
Both petroleum and natural gas can be extracted in Russia without restrictions ( production quotas ) imposed by OPEC on its members ( Russia does not belong to the organization ). In recent years , oil production and policies related to the transport of harvested energy has become not only a major source of economic growth , but also the means geostrategic pressure on the governments of some countries in Europe and Asia. Another factor impinging on the fact that we in this sector active policy of Russia is that the country is the world's largest oil producer . In 2012, Russia mined 10.73 million barrels per day , which gave her a second year in a row , the first in the world (Saudi Arabia at the same time occupied the second position with the extraction at 9.57 million barrels per day , while the United States was third the extraction estimated at 9.11 million barrels per day ).
Currency
The basic unit of currency is the ruble in Russia (symbol: RUB), divided into 100 kopecks. The history of this currency goes back to the thirteenth, when it was introduced in the Republic of Novgorod Nowogrodzka as the equivalent of fine silver; was emitted in the form of silver bullion and answered 200 diengom.
There are many theories regarding the origin of the word "ruble". They all differ in detail, but they share one point in common, namely, each of which points to the verb "cut", from which is derived the name of the currency.
June 29, 2006 exchange rate of the ruble has been released - since then its market value is determined (by this time the ruble exchange rate was determined by the Central).
There are many theories regarding the origin of the word "ruble". They all differ in detail, but they share one point in common, namely, each of which points to the verb "cut", from which is derived the name of the currency.
June 29, 2006 exchange rate of the ruble has been released - since then its market value is determined (by this time the ruble exchange rate was determined by the Central).
PGB
GDP
In 2012, Gross Domestic Product amounted to 2,015 trillion. Per capita there were more than 18 thousand. USD (in 2010 it was 16.6 thousand. Dollars, and in 2011 - 17.3 thousand. USD).
Structure of GDP
The structure of Russia's GDP in 2012 was as follows
In 2012, Gross Domestic Product amounted to 2,015 trillion. Per capita there were more than 18 thousand. USD (in 2010 it was 16.6 thousand. Dollars, and in 2011 - 17.3 thousand. USD).
Structure of GDP
The structure of Russia's GDP in 2012 was as follows
- Trade - 19.7%
- Finance and Services - 17.1%
- Industrial production - 15.2%
- Public administration, education, health and defense - 13.5%
- Mining (mining) - 10.9%
- Transport and communications - 8.2%
- Construction - 6.5%
- Production, distribution of electricity, gas and water, and other utilities - 5.1%
- Agriculture, forestry and fisheries - 3.9%
The largest Russian companies
- Gazprom - the revenue 157.830 billion ( 2012)
- Lukoil - revenue 111.433 billion ( 2012)
- Rosneft - the revenue 65.093 billion ( 2012)
- TNK -BP - the revenue 48.909 billion ( 2012)
- Sberbank Rossii - revenue of 35.502 billion USD (2012 )
- Sistema - revenue 34.517 billion ( 2012)
- Surgutneftegas - revenue 25,663 billion ( 2012)
- Transneft - the revenue of 24 billion USD ( 2012)
- Intier RAO Jees - the revenue 18.24 billion USD (2011 )
- Bashneft - revenue 16.3 billion USD ( 2012)
- Tatneft - revenue of $ 14.5 billion (2012 )
- Magnit - revenue 14.4 billion USD ( 2012)
- Severstal - revenue 14,104 billion ( 2012)
- MTS - revenue 12.04 billion USD (2012 )
- Mieczeł - revenue of $ 11.2 billion (2012 )
- RusGidro - revenue of $ 9.6 billion (2012 )
- Aeroflot - revenue of 8.13 billion USD (2012 )
- MegaFon - the revenue 8.3 billion USD ( 2011)
- Novatek - income U.S. $ 6.9 billion (2012 )
- Mosenergo - revenue of $ 5 billion (2012 )
- NKNH - revenue 3.98 billion USD ( 2012)
- Lenta - revenue of $ 2.7 billion (2012 )
- Rossiyskiye żeleznyje dorogi - 1.076 million workers (2009 )
- Almaz- Antey PWO - 93.3 thousand . workers ( 2011)
- Sukhoi - 26 177 employees (2011 )
- WGTRK - about 20 thousand . workers [35 ] (2011 )
- AvtoVAZ - 68 thousand . workers (2013)
XVII-XX century
In Russia, for a number of centuries worked many foreign artists , especially : Byzantine , Italian, German and French . Many Baroque buildings in St. Petersburg was designed by the Swiss artist Domenico Trezziniego . Other foreign artists working in Russia were Italians : Bartolomeo Rastrelli , Antonio Rinaldi , Giacomo Quarenghi and Carlo Rossi , French : Étienne Falconet , Jean- Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe and Jean -Baptiste Le Blond and Andreas Schlüter . Many of them decided to settle in Russia permanently and artists have been court-appointed czars . The most important monuments of this period are: the historical center of St. Petersburg and related facilities in the villages of Tsarskoye Selo , Peterhof, Pavlovsk , Strelna , Gatchina, Oranienbaum , Ropsza , Pulkovo, Szlisselburg , Kronsztadt (XVIII -XX centuries) - all on the List UNESCO World Heritage Site .
In 1757, opened the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg , which gave the painting to the Russian role and international status . The most eminent painters of portraits of the Academy were: Ivan Argunow , Fyodor Rokotow , Dmitry and Vladimir Lewicki Borowikowski . In the nineteenth century began to dominate realism , which greatly influenced the Russian identity . Russian landscape with vast rivers, virgin forests and birch groves with full vigor genre scenes and disasters, heroes became a symbol of Russianness . An important event in the history of painting was the establishment of the association pieriedwieżników (1870 ) , organizing mobile exhibitions in different regions of Russia. Members of the association were, among others Viktor Vasnetsov , Ilya Repin , Vasily Surikov , Ivan Kramskoj , Isaac Levitan and Ivan Shishkin .
The Russian avant-garde cover a range of phenomena and different directions within modernism that dominated Russian art in the years 1890-1932 . A special place occupied directions: art nouveau, neoprymitywizm , Constructivism , Suprematism , Futurism , kubofuturyzm and rajonizm . Representatives of the Russian avant-garde architecture were : Mikhail Eisenstein , Ivan Leonids , El Lissitzky , Vladimir Tatlin , Konstantin Melnikov , in painting and graphic Mikhail Vrubel , Alexander Benois , Vasily Kandinskij , Marc Chagall , Alexander Rodchenko , Kazimir Malevich , Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova . Neoprymitywiści Russian art group formed a jack diamonds (1909 ) and kubofuturyści donkey tail (1910 ) . Other major Russian architects include neoclassicals Matvei Cossacks and Vasily Bazhenov and structural engineering representative Vladimir Shukhov .The most important sculptors include: Vera Mukhina socrealiści and Yevgeny Wuczeticz , conceptualist and a representative of the soc -art ( Soviet variety of pop art ) Dmitry Zurab Tsereteli Prigow well .Many Russian artists odniosło successes abroad , including one of the founders of abstract art Vasily Kandinskij , Cubist and fowista Marc Chagall , Naum Gabo and sculptor . The most important Russian art museums include the Hermitage, the Tretyakov Gallery , the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg and the Museum of Fine Arts . Pushkin in Moscow. The richest collections of works of primitive peoples have the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
XIV-XVI century
Tatar raids hindered the development of art , but in the fourteenth century began to recover architecture of the entire North-East of Russia . During this period, resulting , inter alia, Daniłowski Monastery in Moscow (1300 ) - currently one of the residences of the Patriarchs of Moscow and All , Troickoe Lavra in Sergiev - Siergijewska Posada ( 1337/1345 ) , Monastery of Cyril and Biełozierski (1397 ) , Terapontowski Monastery near Vologda (1398 ) and the Solovetsky Monastery (1429 ) .As a result of the transfer of the seat of the Metropolitan of the Russian and the Grand Duke of Vladimir to Moscow ( 1325-1328 ), the city happened in the fourteenth century, a major center of art in Russia . Founded in 1147 the Moscow Kremlin in the years 1485 to 1495 developed , designed by Italian architects of the Renaissance Pietro Solari and Marco Ruffo . Among the most significant buildings in Moscow from this period include Red Square, Monastery Czudowski (1358) , Ascension Monastery (1389) , the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1326 , reconstruction 1475-1479 ) architect Aristotele'a Fioravantiego , and the Cathedral of the Annunciation ( XIV . , reconstruction 1484-1489 ) . In the years 1555-1560 the architects Barma and Postnik Yakovlev built St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square.Other important monuments are: the Monastery of St. . Euthymius in Suzdal ( the majority of the building of the sixteenth century), the Novodevichy Monastery in Moscow (1524 ) , Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (1535 ) Kremlin in Kazan ( the majority of the building of the sixteenth century) and Pogost Kizhi on Lake Onega ( XVI . ) . This period is also associated with the work of painter Teofano Greek , Andrei Rublev and Prochorus of Gorodca . Moscow churches were often richly decorated with frescoes , among others, in the Council of the Annunciation in the Kremlin (1405) , and numerous icons . Under the influence of Andrei Rublev activities developed in the sixteenth century school stroganowska - the most outstanding school in the iconography of the Rus .
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